Effects of Drinking During Pregnancy
Drinking any alcohol during pregnancy can impact your baby’s development and cause irreversible birth defects and brain injury. Children exposed to alcohol during pregnancy are at risk of having fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). FASD can be prevented by not drinking any alcohol during pregnancy.
Alcohol and Pregnancy Don't Mix
Alcohol is a teratogen. A teratogen is something that causes birth defects. For example, tobacco, lead and alcohol are all teratogens. Drinking during pregnancy can have serious effects on how the fetus develops. It can harm different organs, and it is especially harmful to the brain. The brain is developing throughout the entire pregnancy. Because of this, drinking alcohol during any trimester can cause brain injury. It can also cause microcephaly, which is when the head and brain are much smaller than expected. These effects to the brain can lead to mild to severe disabilities. The safest choice is not to drink alcohol at any time or in any amount during pregnancy.
Alcohol and the Developing Baby
Alcohol crosses through the placenta and affects how a baby is developing.1 It can be especially harmful to the baby’s brain, which is developing throughout the entire pregnancy.2 When alcohol is consumed during pregnancy, that baby then has prenatal alcohol exposure. Click here to see what’s developing at each stage of pregnancy.
People with prenatal alcohol exposure may have trouble with things like:
- Attention
- Behavior
- Learning
- Language
- Memory3
Drinking during pregnancy can also cause:
- Heart problems4
- Increased risk of infections5
- Difficulty with movement6
- Other health issues
No Safe Time, No Safe Amount
Any amount of alcohol, even if it’s just one glass of wine, passes from the mother to the fetus.7 All major health groups state that there is no known safe amount of alcohol during pregnancy.
These health groups include:
- Centers for Disease Control (CDC)8
- American Academy of Pediatrics9
- American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG)10
- U.S. Surgeon General11
There is no safe time to drink during pregnancy. Drinking during any of the 3 trimesters can affect the fetus. It makes no difference if the alcohol is wine, beer, or hard liquor (like vodka or rum).12
More about alcohol and pregnancy
What is FASD?
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) are a range of disorders that can occur when an embryo is exposed to alcohol.
Learn more
Why Do People Drink Alcohol During Pregnancy?
If someone does not drink any alcohol during pregnancy, their child will not have an FASD. However, drinking during pregnancy is a complicated issue.
Learn more
Fact Sheets and Strategy Guides
Learn the facts. Access all of the Proof Alliance fact sheets and strategy guides below.
Learn more
View sources
1 Burd L, Blair J, Dropps K. Prenatal alcohol exposure, blood alcohol concentrations and alcohol elimination rates for the mother, fetus and newborn. Journal of Perinatology. 2012;32:652-659.
2 Hendrickson et al. Cortical gyrification is abnormal in children with prenatal alcohol exposure. NeuroImage: Clinical. 2017;15 391-400.
3 Flak AL, Su S, Bertrand J, Denny CH, Kesmodel US, Cogswell ME. The association of mild, moderate, and binge prenatal alcohol exposure and child neuropsychological outcomes: A Meta-analysis. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2014;38(1):214-26.
4 Westrup S. Foetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: as prevalent as autism?. Educational Psychology in Practice. 2013;29(3): 309-325.
5 Noor S, Milligan ED. Lifelong Impacts of Moderate Prenatal Alcohol Exposure on Neuroimmune Function. Frontiers in Immunology. 2018.
6 Taggart TC, Simmons RW, Thomas JD, Riley EP. Children with Heavy Prenatal Alcohol Exposure Exhibit Atypical Gait Characteristics. Alcoholism: Clinical &Experimental Research. 2017;41(9):1648-1655.
7 Burd L, Blair J, Dropps K. Prenatal alcohol exposure, blood alcohol concentrations and alcohol elimination rates for the mother, fetus and newborn. Journal of Perinatology. 2012;32:652-659.
8 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs). https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/fasd/alcohol-use.html
9 American Academy of Pediatrics. AAP Says No Amount of Alcohol Should Be Considered Safe During Pregnancy. https://www.aap.org/en-us/about-the-aap/aap-press-room/Pages/AAP-Says-No-Amount-of-Alcohol-Should-be-Considered-Safe-During-Pregnancy.aspx
10 American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) prevention program. https://www.acog.org/About-ACOG/ACOG-Departments/Tobacco–Alcohol–and-Substance-Abuse/Fetal-Alcohol-Spectrum-Disorders-Prevention-Program
11 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Notice to Readers: Surgeon General’s Advisory on Alcohol Use in Pregnancy. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5409a6.htm
12 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Alcohol Use in Pregnancy. https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/fasd/alcohol-use.html
